Emerging COntaminants in Antarctic Snow: sources and TRAnsport (ECO AS:TRA) Prog. PNRA18_00229 Snow samples

Below the results obtained by the HOT ANTARCTICA project are presented. Results regarding geochemistry of crustal melts Main results obtained by the most prominent samples are described separately for each of the investigated terranes (Napier Complex, Lützow Holm Complex, Rauer Islands and Schrimacher Hills). The methodology employed during the work is also listed below: 1) Samples interrogated in this project were previously collected from Napier Complex (provided by the collaboration with Prof. Simon Harley, University of Edinburgh), Lützow Holm Complex (provided by the collaboration with Prof. Satish-Kumar, University of Niigata), Rauer Islands (provided by the collaboration with Prof. Simon Harley, University of Edinburgh and in collaboration with Zhao Liu, Northwest University ,China) and Schrimacher Hills (provided by the Museo Nazionale dell’Antartide, Siena, Italy). 2) Microstructural and petrographic study were done in all samples to identify equilibrium assemblages, melting reaction microstructures and occurrence of nanogranitoids (i.e. crystallized inclusions), melt and fluid inclusions. 3) Microstructural characterization of inclusions using Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) analyses were done: i) to identify the submicrometric phases within nanogranitoids and ii) to verify the homogeneity of remelted nanogranites and preserved glassy melt inclusions. 4) Experimental remelting of crystallized melt inclusions was performed to overcome the problem of MI decrepitation and volatile loss. The remelting of nanogranitoids was performed at high pressure with a piston cylinder apparatus using a QUICKpress piston cylinder apparatus produced by Depths of the Earth (installed at the Dipartimento di Geoscienze, UniPd). 5) Analysis of the major and trace elements contents of melt inclusions was carried out using i) an electron microprobe at the at University of Milan and ii) a LAICPMS at University of Perugia. 6) Thermodynamic modeling of anatectic conditions: the evaluation of P-T-X parameters and of P-T paths in the different geologic contexts were carried out using the software Perple_X. 7) Micro-Raman spectroscopy: characterization of fluid inclusions coexisting with melt inclusions was done using a HORIBA LabRam HR (high resolution) Raman microspectrometer at the University of Pavia. 8) Cross-comparison of data: during the development of this research project all collected data were analyzed by cross-comparing the information from the different geological contexts, with the aim to highlight similarities and differences. 9) Data discussion and evaluation: all data was analyzed and discussed in tight collaboration with the researchers involved in this project. 10) Synthesis and dissemination of results: dissemination of results was done with oral and poster presentations in several international conferences (see list on the appropriate section - Atti). Presentations include invited keynote presentations by the PI, Bruna Borges Carvalho at Goldschmidt (France, 2023) and Hutton Symposium (Italy, 2023). Invited seminars were also given in several important universities around the world [University of Bern, Switzerland; University of Cambridge, UK; University of Niigata, University of Kyoto, Japan]. Furthermore, a total of two research papers have been published in journals of high impact factor, and other two articles are in preparation. Here we also provide mineral, geochemical and geochronological data of studied areas at Rundvagshetta and Rauer Islands. Preprinted versions of two published article where the data is explained are also provided. Carvalho, B.B., Bartoli, O., Cesare, B., Satish-Kumar, M., Petrelli, M., Kawakami, T., Hokada, T., Gilio, M. (2023). Revealing the link between A-type granites and hottest melts from residual metasedimentary crust. Geology 51, 845-849. https://doi.org/10.1130/G51097.1 Liu, Z., Carvalho, B.B., Li, W., Tong, L., Bartoli, O., Li, C., Chen, L., ,Yan, Q, Wu, H. 2023. Into the high to ultrahigh temperature melting of Earth’s crust: Investigations of melt and fluid inclusions within Mg–rich metapelitic granulites from the Mather Peninsula, East Antarctica. Journal of Petrology 64, egad051. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egad051 Results regarding petrology and geochronology of granulites In northern Victoria Land, the presence of two contrasting P-T paths suggests the possibility that high-grade complexes could have experienced a different metamorphic evolution both in space and time. Geochronological data of the Granite Harbour Intrusives support a prolonged magmatic activity (540-480 Ma), with multiple igneous pulses. This could imply the existence of magmatic underplating triggering the development of monometamorphic granulites during the Ross Orogeny. On the other hand, structural and PT evolution suggest the presence of a polymetamorphic granulitic belt that could be remnant of older orogeny as the Panafrican (ca. 600-500 Ma) (Lombardo et al., 1987; Palmeri, 1997; Talarico and Castelli, 1995). In order to discriminate mono- from poly-metamorphic evolution, metasedimentary granulite complex from the Deep Freeze Range has been investigated. Among all available granulite samples, a detailed petrographical study has been conducted to select the most representative and suitable HT granulite-facies rocks: four samples have been individuated for petrological and geochronological analyses (Opx-Grt and >30 µm Zrn/Mnz bearing), fifteen for geochemistry (absence of leucosome). In the Deep Freeze Range, HT granulites consist of Grt-Opx±Bt±Crd±Spl±Crn gneisses characterized by the presence of numerous Opx±Grt leucocratic segregations. Geochemical results confirm that analyzed granulite protholites have sedimentary origin, being comparable to Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS; Taylor and McLennan, 1985), and they have been deposited in an orogenic setting (active continental margin). Petrographical, microstructural and mineral chemistry analyses show a metamorphic evolution including three different stages: Pl-Grt1-Spl-Crn-Ilm medium-P granulite facies (M1), Qtz-Pl-Opx-Grt1-Crd-Ilm-Kfs low-P granulite facies (M2), and Qtz-Pl-Grt2-Kfs-Bt-Ath low-P amphibolite (M3). Preliminary petrological results indicate that evolving metamorphic parageneses describe an initial isothermal decompression (exhumation event) followed by isobaric cooling; further thermodynamic modeling by software Perple_X will allow to better define P-T-X conditions. Geochronological studies involved the observation and analysis of monazites and zircons on four selected granulite thin sections. Investigations included X-ray mapping carried out under the electron microscope, CL-BSE imaging (zircons), and trace element analysis and U-Pb dating using LA-ICP-MS. Acquired data are still under review and will have a fundamental role in the reconstruction of the P-T-t path, thus making it possible to discriminate between mono- and poly-metamorphic hypotheses. References Lombardo et al 1987. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 33, 99-130. Palmeri R. 1997. Lithos 42, 47-66. Talarico and Castelli D. 1995. Precamb. Res. 75, 157-174. Taylor and McLennan S.M. 1985. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 p.

This dataset reports the snow density observations at the Concordia Station, Antarctica. A snow trench is dig once per month (or every three months during winter) in the clean area near the Station (< 1 km). Four measurements are taken inserting a core barrel (with a diameter of 4.5 cm and a length of 25 cm) horizontally into the snow at 10 cm depth, and four more measurements are taken inserting another core barrel (with a diameter of 3.7 cm and a length of 9.2 cm) vertically, from the surface to 10 cm depth. The snow density is calculated from the weight.

This dataset reports the height observations of the Italian stake farm at the Concordia Station, Antarctica. The stake farm consists of 13 stakes, separated from each other by 10 m, arranged in a cross shape structure, located approximately 800m southwest of the Station and sampled on monthly basis or so.

The main goal of our proposal is to characterize the surface radiative budget as well as cloudiness which features at the Argentine Bases Marambio and Belgrano II during the YOPP-SH Special Observing Period (SOP) as well as the YOPP Consolidation Phase. Specific objectives to secure our main goal during the SOP will be: 1 - develop a compact Radiation Measurement UNIT (RMU) robust enough to allow continuous measurements in harsh environment through which to make shortwave, longwave observations as well as to record status of the sky. 2 - secure UV measurements at both stations. 3 - develop specific tools to analyse on a daily basis (weakly for clouds) collected data and extract parameters of interest. For radiation these will include QA/QC SW and LW downwelling and upwelling fluxes, diffuse and direct components of solar radiation, UV spectral flux and doses. For clouds these will include, on a continuous base, cloud fraction derived both from radiometric measurement and sky camera observations, cloud type and cloud effect on SW radiation. In addition cloud base (or cloud ceiling) will be obtained by routine observations performed at the two stations. From UV measurements columnar ozone content will be also derived. Moving forward to YOPP consolidation phase, we plan to: 1 - extend dataset and its analysis, start to collect information on seasonal and inter-annual variability, determine Cloud radiative Forcing (CRF) 2 - perform extensive comparison between automatic and visual cloudiness observation methods. They being very useful to better understand quality and value of historical datasets at the two stationsù 3 - make comparison with cloudiness regime of Ross Sea and Antarctic Plateau. Make similar comparison for UV fluxes in the Peninsula and at Concordia.

The Middle Trophic Level of the Ross Sea is still not well known but it mainly characterized by two species of Krill: Euphausia superba, Euphausia Crystallorophias. These species are a key food source for a wide variety of marine birds and mammals in the Ross Sea. For this reason, it's necessary to improve the knowledge on abundance and spatial distribution of MTL species, and their interconnection with environmental parameters to understand the main drivers of the reproductive success and migrations of these species. In this project, an acoustic survey, a synoptic net sampling and a CTD/XBT samplings were carried out following the standard protocols indicated by CCAMLR. Acoustic monitoring was performed at five frequencies: 38, 70, 120, 200 and 333 kHz. Targeted net samplings were performed to validate the preliminary species allocation of the aggregations observed on the echosounder screen. Biometric measures of krill samples was made on board and samples were taken for further analysis. CTD and XBT data was collected and elaborated to characterize water masses and to study the possible influences of the distribution of the main oceanographic parameters on MTL species.

The RESTORE project is dedicated to the development of portable robotic technologies with the capability to perform multi-disciplinary multi-parametric 3-D monitoring of marine environment. Its primary focus lies in examining critical areas such as the air-sea-ice and water-sediment interfaces in Antarctica. This endeavour aims to support various research aspects, including the study of microbial ecology and DNA tracing, as well as the investigation of Antarctic geology, particularly the dynamics surrounding glaciers and ice-covered coastal regions. Furthermore, RESTORE is committed to scrutinising the impacts of climate change on the Antarctic atmosphere and the exchanges that occur between the sea and air. The comprehensive dataset collected during RESTORE will provide researchers with a holistic perspective on an extreme and remote environment such as Antarctica, facilitating the interpretation of atmospheric and oceanic dynamics at the interface zones and, the 3D mapping of the underwater environment and the physical characterisation of the sampled region.